Diagne, Souleymane. "Négritude." STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHILSOPHY May 24, 2010.

Towards the end of his life, Aimé Césaire has declared that the question he and his friend Léopold Sédar Senghor came to raise after they first met was: “Who am I? Who are we? What are we in this white world?” And he commented: “That's quite a problem” (Césaire 2005, 23). “Who am I?” is a question Descartes posed, and a reader of the French philosopher naturally understands such a question to be universal, and the subject who says “I” here to stand for any human being. But when “who am I?” has to be translated as “who are we?” everything changes especially when the “we” have to define themselves against a world which leaves no room for who and what they are because they are black folks in a world where “universal” seems to naturally mean “white”. “Négritude”, or the self-affirmation of black peoples, or the affirmation of the values of civilization of something defined as “the black world” as an answer to the question “what are we in this white world?” is indeed “quite a problem”: it poses many questions that will be examined here through the following headings: •1. The genesis of the concept •2. Négritude as revolt / Négritude as philosophy •3. Manifestos for Négritude •4. The inescapable disappearance of Eurydice •5. Négritude as ontology •6. Négritude as aesthetics •7. Négritude as epistemology •8. Négritude as politics •9. Négritude beyond Négritude Read the rest here: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/negritude/.